GC-MS analysis of Iraqi Silybum marianum Flowers, Leaves and Seeds Extracts

Rasha Eldalawy; Wasan Abdul kareem; Widad M K Al-Ani

doi:10.32947/ajps.v20i4.780

Authors

Rasha Eldalawy College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
Wasan Abdul kareem College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
Widad M K Al-Ani Ashur University College, Baghdad, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v20i4.780

Abstract

Iraqi land is rich with medicinal plants and Iraqi people trust using herbals as treatments since ancient times, one of these important wild medicinal plants is Silybum marianum, which is known as Milk thistle. It has a long history in Greek and Arabian medicine as a liver tonic

which has been confirmed by scientific in vivo/ in vitro study and made the plant in the top of medicine that can regenerate liver tissues and cure various liver diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the active constituents in the seeds, leaves and the flowers of Iraqi Silybum marianum, identification have been done by GC-MS instrument after the extraction process by hexane then ethanol as a solvent in the Soxhlet apparatus, An important compounds has been detected such as phytosterol, catechin, terpenes, fatty acids, fatty alcohol, and monosaccharide, in different concentration in the parts of the plants.

References

- Gossell-Williams, M.; Simon, O.R.; and West, M.E; The past and present use of Plants for Medicines. West Indian Med J 2006. Vol. 55 (4). Pp: 217-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0043-31442006000400002

- Riddle, J.M. History as a tool in identifying "new" old drugs.AdvExp Med Biol. 2002. Vol. 505. Pp: 89-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5235-9_8

- Biljana, B.P. Historical review of medicinal plants' usage. Pharmacognosy Rev. 2012. Vol. 6(11). Pp: 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.95849

- Fatemeh, J.; and Zahra, L. Medicinal plants: Past history and future perspective. J HerbmedPharmacol. 2018. Vol. 7(1). Pp: 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2018.01

- Ali, H.N.; Barbara, S.; and Bemadetta, B. Medicinal plants in Iraq. The faculty of agrobioengineering May 2018.

- Hiwa, M. A. Ethnopharmacobotanical study on the medicinal plants used by herbalists in Sulaymaniyah Province, Kurdistan, Iraq. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2016. Vol. 12(8). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0081-3

- Ludovico, A.; Natasa, M.; Angelo, I.; and Carla C. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases: Milk Thistle and liver diseases. Phytotherapy research 2018. Vol. 32 (1). Pp: 2202-2213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6171

- Nooren, Z. A Short Review on Ethnomedicinal Uses and Phytochemistry of Silybum marianum. Natural Products Chemistry & Research2017. Vol 5(7).

- Bashar, S.; and Omar, S. Greco-Arab and Islamic herbal medicine: traditional system, ethecs, and safety. 2001.

- Noor, A.K.; Widad, M.K.; and Ibrahim S. A.Detection of Lupeol in Calendula Officinalis Grown in Iraq by GC-MS Analysis. Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019. Vol. 19(4). Pp: 69-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v19i4.636

- Christopher, J. B. and Gary D. M. Analysis of carbohydrate by GLC and MS. 1st edition. CRC press 2019. Page 45.

- Samah, N. A.; Hend, M. F.; andAzza,M.S. Comparative botanical studies two varieties of Silybum marianum(L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae) in Egypt. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2019). Vol. 6(6). Pp: 154-168.

- Bahal, J. R.; Bansal, R. P.; Richa G.; and Sushil K. Proprieties of the seed oil of a dwarf cultivator of the pharmaceutical silymarin producing plant Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Developed in India. Indian Journal of natural products and resources 2015. Vol. 6(2). Pp: 127-133.

- Dabbour, I.R.; Al-Ismail, K. M; Takruri, H. R.; and Azzeh, F. S. Chemical characteristics and antioxidants contents prosperities of cold pressed seed oil of wild milk thistle plant grown in Jordan. Pakistan journal of nutrition 2014. Vol. 13(2). Pp: 67-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2014.67.78

- Alexandru, C.; Ion, D.; Aculina, A.; Nina, C.; Cristina, S.; and Mariana, D. Chromatographic analysis of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Fatty oil. Chemistry journal of moldova 2018. Vol. 13(1). Pp: 63-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2018.484

- Ebrahim, T.; Iman, N.; Nemati, Z. and Khosravinezad, M.Physicochemical Properties of SilybumMarianum Seed Oil in Two Different Regions of Iran. International Journal of New Technology and Research 2017. Vol. 3(2). Pp: 37-40.

- Moldoveanu, S. C. and David, V. Derivatization methods in GC and GC/MS, Gas chromatography- Derivatization, sample preparation, Application. Web of science 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81954

- Blau, K. and Halket, J. M. Handbook of derivatives for chromatography 2nd edition. Wiley 1993.

- Yao, X. X. B. Development of new HPLC technique for analyzing monosaccharide composition and its application in the quality control of Silybummarianum polysaccharide. ActaPharmaceuticaSinica, 2010. vol. 45(4). Pp. 498-504.

- Zhauynbaeva, K. S; Rakhmanberdyeva, R. K. and Abdurakhmanov, B. A. polysaccharide from Silybum marianum. Chemistry ofnatural compounds 2017. Vol. 53(5). Pp: 820-822. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-017-2132-y

- Yasin, G.; Nian, N.M. and Dler, M. S. Extreaction and determination of chemical ingredients from stems of Silybum marianum. Chemistry and material research 2014. Vol. 6(4). Pp: 26-32.

- Hassan, M. E.; Safinas, M. E. and Minar, M. H. Detailed studies on some lipids of Silybum marianum (L.) seed oil. Grasas y Aceites 2003.Vol. 54(4). Pp: 397- 402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.2003.v54.i4.227

- Zhelev, I.; Merdzhanov, P.; Angelova, R. M.; Antova, G.; Zlatanov, M.; Dimitrova, D. I. and Stoyanova A. Lipid composition of Cardu usthoemeriWeinm, Onopordumacanthium L. and Silybum marianum L. growing in Bulgaria. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 2014. Vol. 20 (3), Pp: 622-627.

- Marszalkiewicz, S.; Siger, A.; and Gawrysiak- Witulska, M. The effect of drying temperature of milk thistle seed on quality and bioactive compounds in the lipid fraction. J. food science Tecnol 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04431-4

- Alaoui, S. I.; Harhar, H.; Gharby, S.; Bourazmi, H.; Tabyaoui, M.; Kitane, S.; Alaoui, M. E. and Charrouf, Z. Chemical composition of two non- conventional oils in Morocco: Meliaazadirachta and Silybummarianum (L.). J. Mater. Environ. Sci 2016. Vol. 7(6). Pp: 2208-2213.

- Amira, Z.; Lucy, M.; Stephane, G.; Thomas, N.; Wiem, M.; Emmanuelle,C.; Asmaa, B.; Philippe, D.; Aimra, N.; Aline, Y.; Boubker, N.; Mondher, M.; Lionel, B.; John, J. M.; Mustapha, C. M.; Mohamed, H.; Gerard, L. Profile of Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, Phytosterols and Polyphenols in Mediterranean Oils (Argan Oils, Olive Oils, Milk Thistle Seed Oils and Nigella Seed Oil) and Evaluation of their Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities. Current pharmaceutical design 2019. Vol 25(15). Pp: 1791-1805 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190705192902