Severity of Symptoms and Mortality in Diabetic Patients with COVID- 19 Infection. Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v23i1.991Keywords:
SARS-CoV2, COVID-19, TYPE 2 DM, Mortality, and CO-morbiditiesAbstract
Background: COVID-19 pneumonia is an illness that was spreading rapidly around the world and causes many deaths. Diabetes, is considered as a risk factor which adds severity and mortality to COVID-19 infected persons. There are many studies aiming to explain the
exact association between diabetes and COVID-19. This review aims to link between diabetes and COVID-19 risk factors, discuss the management of patients with diabetes and COVID-19 and provide perception into the COVID-19 disease complications relevant to diabetes .In this review, many scientific articles and reports about COVID- 19 and Type 2 DM were collected from different databases (e.g., PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) using keywords such as SARS-CoV2, COVID-19, TYPE 2 DM, Mortality, and CO-morbidities .The result from this study found that diabetic patients has poor prognosis, severe symptoms, worsen outcomes, and the mortality rate is higher among COVID-19 patients who have diabetes mellitus. Many complications associated with diabetes like peripheral neuropathy and vascular insufficiency can make patients more susceptible to infections. One of the sever complication of Covid-19 infection is, the cytokine storm, that result in excessive release of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10), and this may be aggravated by the inflammatory process together with the hyper-coagulable condition in diabetic patients. In conclusion: Hyperglycemia is established as risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality in covid 19 infection.
References
- Abbas S H, Abbas R S, Nafea LT, Severity and Risk of Death Due to COVID 19, Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020, Vol. 20, No.4
- Hui DS, Azhar EI, Memish ZA, Zumla A. Human Coronavirus Infections—severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and SARS-CoV-2. Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences [Internet]. 2020.
- Nsoesie EO, Rader B, Barnoon YL, Goodwin L, Brownstein J. Analysis of hospital traffic and search engine data inWuhan China indicates early disease activity in the fall of 2019. 2020.
- Velavan TP, Meyer CG. The COVID‐19 epidemic. Tropical Medicine & International Health [Internet]. 2020 Feb 16;25(3):278–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13383
- Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020 Feb 28;382(18).
- Kass DA, Duggal P, Cingolani O. Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages. The Lancet. 2020 May; 395(10236): 1544–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31024-2
- Najim HD, Majeed IA, Rahmah AM. Effects of Metformin &/or Glimepiride on Resistin Level and Related Biochemical Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014 Dec 1;14(2):78–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v14i2.149
- Alves C, Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism [Internet]. 2012;16(7):27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.94253
- Critchley JA, Carey IM, Harris T, DeWilde S, Hosking FJ, Cook DG. Glycemic Control and Risk of Infections Among People with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes in a Large Primary Care Cohort Study. Diabetes Care. 2018 Aug 13;41(10):2127–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-0287
- Coelho M, Oliveira T, Fernandes R. State of the art paper Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ. Archives of Medical Science [Internet]. 2013;9(2):191–200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2013.33181
- Carr ME. Diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2001 Jan;15(1):44–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1056-8727(00)00132-X
- Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Tian C, Qin R, Wang H, Shen Y, Du K, Zhao L. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID‐19. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews. 2020 Oct;36(7): e3319.
- Maddaloni E, Buzzetti R. Covid-19 and diabetes mellitus: unveiling the interaction of two pandemics. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2020 Mar 31; e33213321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3321
- Yan Y, Yang Y, Wang F, Ren H, Zhang S, Shi X, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 2020 Apr;8(1): e001343.
- Zhu L, She Z-G, Cheng X, Qin J-J, Zhang X-J, Cai J, et al. Association of Blood Glucose Control and Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19 and Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metabolism. 2020 May;31(6).
- Kolahian S, Leiss V, Nürnberg B. Diabetic lung disease: fact or fiction? Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2019 Sep;20(3):303–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-019-09516-w
- Hu L, Chen S, Fu Y, Gao Z, Long H, Wang J, et al. Risk Factors Associated with Clinical Outcomes in 323 COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020 May 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa539
- Xu S, Fu L, Fei J, Xiang H-X, Xiang Y, Tan Z-X, et al. Acute kidney injury at early stage as a negative prognostic indicator of patients with COVID-19: a hospital-based retrospective analysis. medRxiv; 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042408
- Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. Jama. 2020 May 12;323(18):1775-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4683
- Wang G, Wu C, Zhang Q, Wu F, Yu B, Lv J, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Changsha, China. China (3/1/2020); 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3548770
- Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, Liang W-H, Ou C-Q, He J-X, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England J Med; 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
- Abdi A, Jalilian M, Sarbarzeh PA, Vlaisavljevic Z. Diabetes and COVID-19: A systematic review on the current evidences. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2020 Aug 1; 166:108347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108347
- Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020.
- Yang X., Yu Y., Xu J., Shu H., Liu H., Wu Y., et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. The Lancet. Respir Med. 2020.
- Zhang J-J, Dong X, Cao Y-Y, Yuan Y-D, Yang Y-B, Yan Y-Q, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy; 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14238
- Zhou F., Yu T., Du R., Fan G., Liu Y., Liu Z., et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2020.
- Liu Y, Sun W, Chen L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Yu L. Clinical characteristics and progression of 2019 novel coronavirus-infected patients concurrent acute respiratory distress syndrome. medRxiv; 2020.
- Wu C., Chen X., Cai Y., Zhou X., Xu S., Huang H., et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Int Med. 2020
- Muniyappa R, Gubbi S. COVID-19 pandemic, Corona viruses, and diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020;318: E736–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00124.2020
- Geerlings SE, Hoepelman AI. Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1999;26(3–4):259–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01397.x
- Jafar N, Edriss H, Nugent K. The effect of short-term hyperglycemia on the innate immune system. The American journal of the medical sciences. 2016 Feb 1;351(2):201-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2015.11.011
- Ma RCW, Holt RIG. COVID-19 and diabetes. Diabet Med. 2020; 37:723–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14300
- Iacobucci G. Covid-19: diabetes clinicians set up social media account to help alleviate patients’ fears. BMJ 2020;368.
- Rogers LC, Lavery LA, Joseph WS, Armstrong DG. All feet on deck—the role of podiatry during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Preventing hospitalizations in an overburdened healthcare system, reducing amputation and death in people with diabetes. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2020.
- Zhou J, Tan J. Diabetes patients with COVID-19 need better blood glucose management in Wuhan, China. Metabolism. 2020 Jun; 107:154216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154216
- Wang A, Zhao W, Xu Z, Gu J. Timely blood glucose management for the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is urgently needed. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 162:108118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108118
- Papadokostaki E, Tentolouris N, Liberopoulos E. COVID-19 and diabetes: What does the clinician need to know? Primary care diabetes. 2020 Jul 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2020.06.010
- Sardu C, D’Onofrio N, Balestrieri ML, et al. Outcomes in Patients with Hyperglycemia Affected by COVID-19: Can We Do More on Glycemic Control? Diabetes Care (2020) 43(7):1408–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-0723
- McGurnaghan SJ, Weir A, Bishop J, et al. Risks of and Risk Factors for COVID-19 Disease in People with Diabetes: A Cohort Study of the Total Population of Scotland. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2021) 9(2):82–93.
- Cariou B, Hadjadj S, Wargny M, et al. Phenotypic Characteristics and Prognosis of Inpatients With COVID-19 and Diabetes: The CORONADO Study. Diabetologia (2020) 63(8):1500–15.
- Chen Y, Yang D, Cheng B, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Diabetes and COVID-19 in Association with Glucose-Lowering Medication. Diabetes Care (2020) 43(7):1399–407.
- Sharma S, Ray A, Sadasivam B. Metformin in COVID-19: a possible role beyond diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 164: 108183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108183
- Chen Y, Yang D, Cheng B, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Diabetes and COVID-19 in Association with Glucose-Lowering Medication. Diabetes Care (2020) 43(7):1399–407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-0660
- Cariou B, Hadjadj S, Wargny M, et al. Phenotypic Characteristics and Prognosis of Inpatients With COVID-19 and Diabetes: The CORONADO Study. Diabetologia (2020) 63(8):1500–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05180-x
- Lalau J-D, Al-Salameh A. Management of Diabetes in Patients With COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2020) 8(8):666–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30231-X
- Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, Mingrone G, Hopkins D, Birkenfeld AL, Boehm B, Amiel S, Holt RI, Skyler JS, DeVries JH. Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology. 2020 Apr 23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30152-2
- Cheng X, Liu YM, Li H, et al. Metformin is Associated with Higher Incidence of Acidosis, But Not Mortality, in Individuals With COVID-19 and Pre-Existing Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab (2020) 32(4):537–547 e533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.013
- Raj VS, Mou H, Smits SL, Dekkers DH, Muller MA, Dijkman R, et al. Di¬peptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature 2013; 495:251-4.
- Cure E, Cumhur Cure M. Can dapagliflozin have a protective effect against COVID-19 infection? A hypothesis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 2020; 14: 405–06.
- Cure E, Cumhur Cure M. Can dapagliflozin have a protective effect against COVID-19 infection? A hypothesis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 2020; 14: 405–06. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.024
- Dapagliflozin in Respiratory Failure in Patients With COVID-19 - Full Text View-ClinicalTrials.gov, (n.d.). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04350593.(Accessed May 27, 2020).
- Raj VS, Mou H, Smits SL, Dekkers DH, Muller MA, Dijkman R, Muth D, Demmers JA, Zaki A, Fouchier RA, Thiel V, Dro¬sten C, Rottier PJ, Osterhaus AD, Bosch BJ, Haagmans BL. Di¬peptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature 2013; 495:251-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12005
- Ceriello A, Novials A, Ortega E, et al. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Reduces Endothelial Dysfunction, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Induced by Both Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care (2013) 36(8):2346–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2469
- Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1. Cell Metab (2018) 27(4):740–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.001
- Lee YS, Jun HS. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of GLP-1-Based Therapies Beyond Glucose Control. Mediators Inflamm (2016) 2016:3094642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3094642
- Viby NE, Isidor MS, Buggeskov KB, Poulsen SS, Hansen JB, Kissow H. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) reduces mortality and improves lung function in a model of experimental obstructive lung disease in female mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154: 4503–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1666
- McGurnaghan SJ, Weir A, Bishop J, et al. Risks of and Risk Factors for COVID-19 Disease in People with Diabetes: A Cohort Study of the Total Population of Scotland. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2021) 9(2):82–93.
- Nauck, M. A., and Meier, J. J. (2019). Management OF endocrine disease: are all GLP-1 agonists equal in the treatment of type 2 diabetes? Eur. J. Endocrinol. 181 (6), R211–r234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-19-0566
- Sun Q, Zhang Y, Huang J, Yu F, Xu J, Peng B, et al. DPP4 regulates the inflammatory response in a rat model of febrile seizures. Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jan 20];28(s1): S139–52. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28372289/ 101. Iacobellis G. COVID-19 and diabetes: can DPP4 inhibition play a role? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 162: 108125.
- Palmer SC, Mavridis D, Nicolucci A, Johnson DW, Tonelli M, Craig JC, Maggo J, Gray V, De Berardis G, Ruospo M, Natale P. Comparison of clinical outcomes and adverse events associated with glucose-lowering drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Jama. 2016 Jul 19;316(3):313-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.9400
- Han T, Ma S, Sun C, Zhang H, Qu G, Chen Y, et al. Association Between Anti-diabetic Agents and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Med Res. 2022 Feb;53(2):186-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002
- Aoki Y, Maeno T, Aoyagi K, Ueno M, Aoki F, Aoki N, et al. Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Ligand, Suppresses Bleomycin-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Fibrosis. Respiration. 2008 Oct 31;77(3):311–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000168676
- Barbarin V, Nihoul A, Misson P, et al. The role of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in silica-induced lung fibrosis. Respir Res 2005; 6: 112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-6-112
- Zhang Y, Cui Y, Shen M, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus with disease severity and prognosis in COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 165: 108227.
- Zhang Y, Cui Y, Shen M, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus with disease severity and prognosis in COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 165: 108227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108227
- Kumar A, Arora A, Sharma P, et al. Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A metaanalysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 2020; 14: 535–45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.044
- Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 109: 531–38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-020-01626-9
- Fadini GP, Morieri ML, Longato E, Avogaro A. Prevalence and impact of diabetes among people infected with SARS-CoV-2. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43: 867–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01236-2
- Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospitalization and critical illness among 4,103 patients with COVID-19 disease in New York City. BMJ 2020; published online April 11.
- Roncon L, Zuin M, Rigatelli G, Zuliani G. Diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection are at higher risk of ICU admission and poor short-term outcome. J Clin Virol 2020; 127: 104354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104354
- Wu C., Chen X., Cai Y., Xia J., Zhou X., Xu S., et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern. Med. 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
- Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395: 1054–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
- Zhu L, She ZG, Cheng X, et al. Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab 2020; 31: 1068–77.
- Yan Y, Yang Y, Wang F, Ren H, Zhang S, Shi X, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes. BMJ open diabetes research and care. 2020 Apr 1;8(1): e001343.
- Yang X., Yu Y., Xu J., Shu H., Xia J., Liu H., et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir. Med. 2020 S2213-2600(20)30079-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5
- Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases [Internet]. 2020 Mar 12;0(0).
- Barron E, Bakhai C, Kar P, Weaver A, Bradley D, Ismail H, et al. Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology. 2020 Oct 1;8(10):813-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30272-2
- Huang I, Lim MA, Pranata R. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia–a systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020 Jul 1;14(4):395-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018
- Salman Hussain, Harveen Baxi, Mohammad Chand Jamali, Nazima Nisar, Md Sarfaraj Hussain November–December 2020 Pages 1595-1602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.014
- Khader MA, Jabeen T, Namoju R. A cross sectional study reveals severe disruption in glycemic control in people with diabetes during and after lockdown in India. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews [Internet]. 2020 Nov 1;14(6):1579–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.011
- Pal R, Banerjee M, Yadav U, Bhattacharjee S. Clinical profile and outcomes in COVID-19 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: A systematic review of literature. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome [Internet]. 2020;14(6):1563–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.015
- Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
- Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Tian C, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020 Mar 31 [Epub]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3319
- Yan Y, Yang Y, Wang F, Ren H, Zhang S, Shi X, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 with diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8: e001343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001343
- Chung SM, Lee YY, Ha E, Yoon JS, Won KC, Lee HW, et al. The risk of diabetes on clinical outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:405-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0105
- Zhu L, She ZG, Cheng X, Qin JJ, Zhang XJ, Cai J, et al. Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab 2020; 31:1068-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.021
- Chen X, Hu W, Ling J, Mo P, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, et al. Hypertension and diabetes delay the viral clearance in COVID-19 patients. medRxiv; 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040774
- Kulcsar KA, Coleman CM, Beck SE, Frieman MB. Comorbid diabetes results in immune dysregulation and enhanced disease severity following MERS-CoV infection. JCI Insight 2019;4(20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.131774
- Deacon CF. Physiology and pharmacology of DPP-4 in glucose homeostasis and the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol 2019; 10:80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00080
- Klemann C, Wagner L, Stephan M, von Ho¨ rsten S. Cut to the chase: a review of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase-4’s (DPP4) entanglement in the immune system. Clin Exp Immunol 2016;185(1):1–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.12781
- Hodgson K, Morris J, Bridson T, Govan B, Rush C, Ketheesan N. Immunological mechanisms contributing to the double burden of diabetes and intracellular bacterial infections. Immunology. 2015 Feb;144(2):171-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12394
- Iacobellis G. COVID-19 and diabetes: Can DPP4 inhibition play a role? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 162:108125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108125
- Baidya A, Shankar A, Ahmed R, Das K. Relevance and role of hydroxychloroquine in prophylaxis and therapy of COVID-19. J Med Sci Clin Res 2020;08. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v8i4.18
- Gupta R, Misra A. Contentious issues and evolving concepts in the clinical presentation and management of patients with COVID-19 infectionwith reference to use of therapeutic and other drugs used in Co-morbid diseases (Hypertension, diabetes etc). Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome: Clin Res Rev 2020;14(3):251–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.012
- Han X, Fan Y, Wan Y-L, Shi H. A diabetic patient with 2019- nCoV (COVID-19) infection who recovered and was discharged from hospital. J Thorac Imaging 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/RTI.0000000000000506
- Zhou J, Tan J. Diabetes patients with COVID-19 need better care. Metabolism 2020.
- Rogers LC, Lavery LA, Joseph WS, Armstrong DG. All feet on deck—the role of podiatry during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Preventing hospitalizations in an overburdened healthcare system, reducing amputation and death in people with diabetes. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7547/20-051
- Iacobucci G. Covid-19: diabetes clinicians set up social media account to help alleviate patients’ fears. BMJ 2020;368. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1262 m1262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1262
- Gupta R, Ghosh A, Singh AK, Misra A. Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID-19 epidemic. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2020 May;14(3):211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.002
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.