Association of Serum Homocysteine with Controlled and Uncontrolled Type2 Diabetes Mellitus in Sulaimani City
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v22i2.834Keywords:
glycemic status, homocysteine, T2DMAbstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies manifested by chronic hyperglycemia. The type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized as multifactorial genetic syndrome, induced by mutations of different genes
and environmental factors. Circulating homocysteine, a non- essential amino acid containing sulfur, is a broad biochemical marker for health/disease status diagnostics. The aim of our study is to evaluate circulating serum homocysteine levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Method: A cohort of 197 individuals randomly identified for this study. Of those, 148 individuals were diagnosed by consultants as type 2 diabetes mellitus and the rest 49 volunteer were normal controls group. In clinical chemistry laboratory, serum samples were analyzed for serum homocysteine, fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, serum creatinine, blood urea, blood urea nitrogen and lipid profile.
Results: There was a significant difference in the HbA1c and sugar level between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and control group. There was non-significant (P-value=0.32), the serum level of homocysteine was (13.6 ± 4.8, 12.5 ± 5.0 and 12.7 ± 6.2) in T2DM glycemic (controlled, poorly controlled and un controlled), respectively and (11.4 ± 4.8) in control group.
Conclusions: Serum level of homocysteine was not differed significantly in type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared with control group. According to ages of T2DM and control group, there was no significant difference in serum level of homocysteine. There was significant difference between male and female in the level of serum homocysteine in glycemic uncontrolled group.
References
- Borhade MB, Singh S. Diabetes Mellitus and Exercise. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; [Updated 2021 Sep 8]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526095
- Kahn R. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: the expert committee on the diagnosis and classifications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care. 2003;26(11):3160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160
- Jameson J. Harrison's Endocrinology, 3rd edition; McGraw-Hill Education; 2013, 110p
- D’Adamo E, Caprio S. Type 2 diabetes in youth: epidemiology and pathophysiology. Diabetes care. 2011;34(Supplement 2):S161-S5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-s212
- Sangma M, Devi KG, Florence L, Singh MA, Jamir S, Roel S, et al. Serum Homocysteine and Lipid Profile In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. IOSR IOSR-JDMS. 2015;14(1):76-9.
- Ebesunun MO, Obajobi EO. Elevated plasma homocysteine in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Pan African Medical Journal. 2012;12(1).
- Zhang S, Bai Y-Y, Luo L-M, Xiao W-K, Wu H-M, Ye P. Association between serum homocysteine and arterial stiffness in elderly: a community-based study. Journal of geriatric cardiology: JGC. 2014;11(1):32.
- Faeh D, Chiolero A, Paccaud F. Homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: should we (still) worry about it? Swiss medical weekly. 2006;136(47-48):745-56.
- Lentz S. Mechanisms of homocysteine‐induced atherothrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2005;3(8):1646-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01364.x
- Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes care. 2015;38(1):140-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-2441
- Shahwan MJ, Jairoun AA, Farajallah A, Shanabli S. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and factors affecting lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2019;13(4):2387-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.06.009
- Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. Jama. 2005;293(15):1861-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.15.1861
- Ganz ML, Wintfeld N, Li Q, Alas V, Langer J, Hammer M. The association of body mass index with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a case–control study nested in an electronic health records system in the United States. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome. 2014;6(1):1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-6-50
- Papier K. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in transitional Thailand: incidence, risk factors, mediators, and implications. Thesis (PhD). 2017; http://hdl.handle.net/1885/142168.
- Abbasihormozi S, Babapour V. Stress hormone and oxidative stress biomarkers link obesity and diabetes with reduced fertility potential. Cell Journal (Yakhteh). 2019;21(3):307.
- Courtney R. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2014 Us Department of Health and Human Services Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014 1081 pp. Online (grey literature): http://www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/reports/50‐years‐of‐progress. Wiley Online Library; 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12309
- Lan Li, Yuan Liao, Hao Xiao, Tiantian Wang, Jing Liu, Guijuan Zhou, Guanghua Sun, Kang Li, Fujin Huang, Weibin Feng, Jun Zhou. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diabetes Mellitus in People over 40 Years Old in Rural Areas of Central Hunan Province. medRxiv 2020.05.23.20107995; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.23.20107995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.23.20107995
- Kai H, Katoh A, Harada H, Niiyama H, Furukawa Y, Kimura T. Low blood pressure and cardiovascular events in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease after revascularization: the CREDO-Kyoto registry cohort-1. Hypertension Research. 2020;43(7):715-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-0407-3
- Sacks DB, Bruns DE, Goldstein DE, Maclaren NK, McDonald JM, Parrott M. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Clinical chemistry. 2002;48(3):436-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.3.436
- Amin ZA, Islam QU, Mehboob MA. Comparison of serum lipid profile in Type-2 Diabetics with and without retinopathy in Pakistani population. Pakistan journal of medical sciences. 2016;32(6):1349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.326.11056
- Ukwuani-Kwaja AN, Sani I, Zubairu A. Toxicological evaluation of Vitex doniana stem bark methanol extract in female albino rats. Drug Discovery. 2021; 15, (36): 169-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2021/v30i330254
- Liu C, Yang C, Zhao Y, Ma Z, Bi J, Liu Y, et al. Associations between long-term exposure to ambient particulate air pollution and type 2 diabetes prevalence, blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in China. Environment international. 2016;92:416-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.028
- Chehade JM, Gladysz M, Mooradian AD. Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes: prevalence, pathophysiology, and management. Drugs. 2013;73(4):327-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-013-0023-5
- Sendhav S, Kakaiya A, Chatterjee B. Evaluation of serum magnesium level along with lipid profile in a Gujarati Population diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus. Indian J Med Biochem. 2017;21(2):112-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10054-0032
- Ahmed AS, Tahir PH, Mohammed M. Al-Kattan. Study of Blood Glucose State and Its Relationship with Lipid Profiles in Diabetic Patients in Kirkuk Province. Diabetes Complications. 2019;3(3):1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9326.1055
- Kanwar G, Jain N, Sharma N, Shekhawat M, Ahmed J, Kabra R. Significance of serum urea and creatinine levels in type 2 diabetic patients. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2015;14(8):65-7.
- Sharma AK, Sharma A, Singh A, Kumar M, Tripathi N. Biochemical profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus with special reference to dyslipidemia: A retrospective study. Int J Med Sci Curr Res. 2018;1:27-34.
- Pandian RS. Implication of physical activity on the markers of renal damage among type 2 diabetic subjects. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2018; 7, (18): 1005-1015.
- Singh P, Khan S, Mittal RK. Glycemic status and renal function among Type 2 diabetics. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science. 2014;13(4):406-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i4.20586
- Hamzah SA. Association between Lipid Profiles and Renal Functions among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2019;25(3):61-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000502005
- Baszczuk A, Kopczyński Z. Hiperhomocysteinemia u chorych na schorzenia układu krążenia. Advances in Hygiene & Experimental Medicine/Postepy Higieny i Medycyny Doswiadczalnej. 2014;68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/17322693.1102340
- Diakoumopoulou E, Tentolouris N, Kirlaki E, Perrea D, Kitsou E, Psallas M, et al. Plasma homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Mediterranean population: relation with nutritional and other factors. Nutrition, metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. 2005;15(2):109-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2004.01.001
- Huang E-J, Kuo W-W, Chen Y-J, Chen T-H, Chang M-H, Lu M-C, et al. Homocysteine and other biochemical parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus with different diabetic duration or diabetic retinopathy. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2006;366(1-2):293-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2005.10.025
- Dominguez LJ, Galioto A, Pineo A, Ferlisi A, Ciaccio M, Putignano E, et al. Age, homocysteine, and oxidative stress: relation to hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2010;29(1):1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2010.10719810
- Masuda Y, Kubo A, Kokaze A, Yoshida M, Fukuhara N, Takashima Y. Factors associated with serum total homocysteine level in type 2 diabetes. Environmental health and preventive medicine. 2008;13(3):148-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-008-0024-2
- Karimi F, Omrani GR. Changes in serum levels of vitamin B12, folic acid and homocysteine in patients with type 2 diabetes before and after treatment with metformin. Asian J Med Pharm Res. 2016;6(4):46-52.
- Wulffele M, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Ogterop J, Borger Van Der Burg B, et al. Effects of short‐term treatment with metformin on serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of internal medicine. 2003;254(5):455-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01213.x
- Pongchaidecha M, Srikusalanukul V, Chattananon A, Tanjariyaporn S. Effect of metformin on plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folic acid: a cross-sectional study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand= Chotmaihet thangphaet. 2004;87(7):780-7.
- Ala OA, Akintunde AA, Ikem RT, Kolawole BA, Ala OO, Adedeji T. Association between insulin resistance and total plasma homocysteine levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in south west Nigeria. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2017;11: S803-S9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2017.06.002
- Mao X, Xing X, Xu R, Gong Q, He Y, Li S, et al. Folic acid and vitamins D and B12 correlate with homocysteine in Chinese patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease. Medicine. 2016;95(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002652
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
