Autism Spectrum Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Autism and Alzheimer's disease are neurological disorders associated with defects in certain areas of the brain which share common clinical signs like language impairment, executive function, physiological and pathological abnormalities, DNA methylation, myelin change, and abnormal Peripheral blood cells like B-cell and T-cells.
A genetic factor was proposed as the main cause of disease; however, the molecular mechanisms are still not well known. S-nitrosylation (SNO) in neuropathology targets key protein of gene mutations in patients that may lead to synaptic defects which return to the pathogenesis of Autism and Alzheimer's Disease, while phosphorylation of protein tau and the amyloid-β protein precursor (APP) has been showed to play vital role in neurodevelopmental disorder.
Additionally, neurite growth plays a role in brain enlargement during the first years of human life, typically expanding the anterior cortex of the brain. White matter in the brain and cerebellum appeared in more than half of the human brain that decreased with age, it was determined by a secret of myelin, tumor growth factor, cytokine, and release of kinase enzyme. in contrast, the gray matter was determined by ventricle region, area of cortex, neural stem cell, and thickness. Neurological disorders of mRNA may be due to limited social communication, and irregular behaviors in patients with autism and Alzheimer's disease. Despite that, scientists' efforts to identify management against the progression of this pathology, have only able to decrease some symptoms of autism and Alzheimer's disease are usually available, it’s important to need for additional therapeutic strategies for complications, so, the World Health Organization (WHO) has made this disease a public health priority. The time period specified for this review article lasted from 2013 to 2023.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
1- Khan S. Khan S. Narendra A. Mushtaq G. Zahran SA. Khan S. Kamal MA. Alzheimer's Disease and Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Is there any Association? CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2016;15(4):390-402. doi: 10.2174/1871527315666160321104303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527315666160321104303
2- Ohta H. Nordahl C. Iosif A. Lee A. Rogers S, Amaral DG. Increased surface area, but not cortical thickness, in a subset of young boys with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 2016; 9(2):232–48. DOI: 10.1002/aur.1520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1520
3- Jiaxin H. Wenchi S. Shuangshuang Y. Jiarui W. Yunpeng H. Aggregation, Transmission, and Toxicity of the Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau: A Complex Comprehension Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023; 24(19): 15023. doi.org/10.3390/ijms241915023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241915023
4- Oz S. Kapitansky O. Ivashco-Pachima Y. Malishkevich A. Giladi E. Skalka N. et al. The NAP motif of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) regulates dendritic spines through microtubule end binding proteins. Mol Psychiatry.2014;19(10):1115–24. DOI:10.1038/mp.2014.97 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.97
5- Ivashko-Pachima Y. Maor-Nof M. Gozes I. NAP (davunetide) preferential interaction with dynamic 3-repeat tau explains differential protection in selected tauopathies. PloS ONE. 2019;14(3):1-20. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213666
6- Gozes I. Ivashko-Pachima Y. Sayas C. ADNP, a microtubule interacting protein, provides neuroprotection through end binding proteins and tau: an amplifier effect. Front Mol Neurosci. 2018;11(151):1-4. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00151
7- Katherine N. Amy B. Catherine A. Jenny L. Kristelle H. No sex differences in core autism features, social functioning, cognition or co-occurring conditions in young autistic children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2023; 107:1-17. doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102207
8- Pavone P. Pratico A. Rizzo R. Corsello G. Ruggieri M. Parano E. et al. A clinical review on megalencephaly: a large brain as a possible sign of cerebral impairment. Medicine. 2017; 96(26) :e6814. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006814 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000006814
9- Vicki B. Christopher F. Neurobiological Concomitants of Autism as Informers of Clinical Practice: a Status Review. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.2023; 2023:1-13. doi.org/10.1007/s41252-023-00344-3
10- Denis P. The dopamine hypothesis of autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive analysis of the evidence. 2023 ;173: 1-42. doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2023.08.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2023.08.009
11- Deborah K. Sokol 1. Bryan M. Cara J. et al. Novel Contribution of Secreted Amyloid-b Precursor Protein to White Matter Brain Enlargement in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front. Psychiatry.2019;10(165):1-16. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00165
12- Shira M. Maryam K. Felix L. Huda S. et al. Proteomics of autism and Alzheimer’s mouse models reveal common alterations in mTOR signaling pathway. Translational Psychiatry.2021;(11) 480:1-10. DOI:10.1038/s41398-021-01578-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01578-2
13- Ting M. Natalie J. Dorothea L. Flavio D. et al. Autism Is Associated With Interindividual Variations of Gray and White Matter Morphology. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 2023; 8 (11) : 1084-1093. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.08.011. Epub 2022 Sep 6.
14- Joseph F. Colin M. Debamitra D. et al. Promyelinating drugs promote functional recovery in an autism spectrum disorder mouse model of Pitt–Hopkins syndrome. Brain.2023;146(8): 3331–3346. doi: 10.1093/brain/awad057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad057
15- Frazier T. Embacher R. Tilot A. Koenig K. Mester J. Eng C. Molecular and phenotypic abnormalities in individuals with germline heterozygous PTEN mutations and autism. Mol Psychiatry. 2015; 20(9):1132– 8. doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.125. Epub 2014 Oct 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.125
16- Sophie M. Patric K. Kathrin K. Larger corpus callosum volume is favorable for theory of mind development in healthy children. Cerebral Cortex.2023; 33(23) :11197–11205. doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhad353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhad353
17- Mikhail K. Ariane S. Laurent M. Language acquisition can be truly atypical in autism: Beyond joint attention.. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.2023; 153(1):105384. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105384
18- Mitelman S. Buchsbaum M. Young D. Haznedar M. Hollander E. Shihabuddin L. et al. Increased white matter metabolic rates in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav. 2017; 12(5):1290– 305. DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9785-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-017-9785-9
19- Yue X. Yue X. Yingbo L. Microglia and astrocytes underlie neuroinflammation and synaptic susceptibility in autism spectrum disorder. Front. Neurosci.2023 ;17 :1-10. DOI : 10.3389/fnins.2023.1125428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1125428
20- Ramu S. Anglina K. Haripriya K. Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Recent Update on Targeting Inflammatory Pathways with Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(1): 115. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010115
21- Horgusluoglu E. Nudelman K. Nho K. Saykin A. Adult neurogenesis and neurodegenerative diseases: a systems biology perspective. Am J Med Genet Part B, Neuropsychiatr Genet: Off Publ Int Soc Psychiatr Genet. 2017 ;174(1):93–112. DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.b.32429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32429
22- Moreno-Jimenez E. Flor-Garcia M. Terreros-Roncal J. Rabano A, Cafini F. Pallas- Bazarra N. et al. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is abundant in neurologically healthy subjects and drops sharply in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med. 2019; 25(4):554–60. DOI:10.1038/s41591-019-0375-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0375-9
23- Éva K. Diversity and Classification of Genetic Variations in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023; 24(23): 16768. doi: 10.3390/ijms242316768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316768
24- Helsmoortel C. Vulto-van Silfhout A. Coe B. Vandeweyer G. Rooms L. van den Ende J. et al. A SWI/SNF-related autism syndrome caused by de novo mutations in ADNP. Nat Genet. 2014;46(4):380–4. doi: 10.1038/ng.2899. Epub 2014 Feb 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2899
25- Van Dijck A. Vulto-van Silfhout A. Cappuyns E. van der Werf I.Mancini G. Tzschach A. et al. Clinical presentation of a complex neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in ADNP. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;85(4):287–97. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.1173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.1173
26- Vijay G. Afif Ben-M. Bonsu K. Dinesh V. Zainab J. Ahmad K. Identification of two novel autism genes, TRPC4 and SCFD2, in Qatar simplex families through exome sequencing. Front Psychiatry. 2023; 14: 1251884. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1251884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1251884
27- Soudeh G. et al. A Review on the Role of Genetic Mutations in the autism spectrum disorder. Molecular Neurobiology.2023; 60(9):1-17. DOI:10.1007/s12035-023-03405-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03405-9
28- Stessman H. Xiong B. Coe B. Wang T. Hoekzema K. Fenckova M. et al. Targeted sequencing identifies 91 neurodevelopmental-disorder risk genes with autism and developmental-disability biases. Nat Genet. 2017;49(4):515–26. doi: 10.1038/ng.3792. Epub 2017 Feb 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3792
29- Claudio P. Kirsten E. Kevin D. et al Chromatin remodeler Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Protein (ADNP) contributes to syndromic autism. Clin Epigenetics. 2023; 15: 45. doi: 10.1186/s13148-023-01450-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-023-01450-8
30- Amram N. Hacohen-Kleiman G. Sragovich S. Malishkevich A. Katz J. Touloumi O. et al. Sexual divergence in microtubule function: the novel intranasal microtubule
targeting SKIP normalizes axonal transport and enhances memory. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21(10):1467–76. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.208. Epub 2016 Jan 19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.208
31- Gozes I. van Dijck A. Hacohen-Kleiman G. Grigg I. Karmon G, Giladi E. et al.
Premature primary tooth eruption in cognitive/motor-delayed ADNP-mutated children. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7(2):1-9. DOI:10.1038/tp.2017.27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.27
32- Gozes I. Helsmoortel C. Vandeweyer G. Van der Aa N. Kooy F. Sermone S. The compassionate side of neuroscience: Tony Sermone's undiagnosed genetic journey- ADNP mutation. J Mol Neurosci : MN. 2015;56(4):751–7. doi: 10.1007/s12031-015-0586-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-015-0586-6
33- Ling W. Binquan W. Chunyan W. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Neurodevelopmental Risk Factors, Biological Mechanism, and Precision Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci.2023; 24(3): 1819. doi: 10.3390/ijms24031819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031819
34- Walter J. MicroRNA (miRNA) Complexity in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Biology (Basel). 2023;12(6): 788. doi: 10.3390/biology12060788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060788
35- Fumito S. Kenji K. Seico B. et al. Associations between prefrontal PI (16:0/20:4) lipid, TNC mRNA, and APOA1 protein in schizophrenia: A trans-omics analysis in post-mortem brain. frontiers in psychiatry.2023;14:1-9. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1145437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1145437
36- Ching-H. Kun-L. Cheng-Y. Chien-W. The Neuroprotective Effect of Isotetrandrine on Parkinson’s Disease via Anti-Inflammation and Antiapoptosis. In Vitro and in vivo. Parkinson’s Disease. 2023:1-12. doi: 10.1155/2023/8444153. eCollection 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8444153
37- Ivashko-Pachima Y. Sayas C. Malishkevich A. Gozes I. ADNP/NAP dramatically increase microtubule end-binding protein–tau interaction: a novel avenue for protection against tauopathy. Mol psychiatry. 2017; 22(9):1335–44. DOI:10.1038/mp.2016.255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.255
38- Association, A. S. 2020 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2020; 16:391–460. doi: 10.1002/alz.12068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12068
39- Thinakaran G. Koo EH. Amyloid precursor protein trafficking, processing, and function. J Biol Chem. 2008;283: 29615–9. doi: 10.1074/jbc. R800019200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.R800019200
40- Turner PR. O’Connor K. Tate WP. Abraham WC. Roles of amyloid precursor protein and its fragments in regulating neural activity, plasticity and memory. Prog Neurobiol. 2003; 70:1–32. DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(03)00089-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0082(03)00089-3
41- Bandyopadhyay S. Goldstein LE. Lahiri DK. Rogers JT. Role of the APP non-amyloidogenic signaling pathway and targeting alpha-secretase as an alternative drug target for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Med Chem. 2007; 14:2848–64. DOI: 10.2174/092986707782360060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/092986707782360060
42- Moatamad H. Manal K. Hayder S. Impact of Pyridoxine Supplement on Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetic Patients,2023; AJPS;24(1):89-104. DOI:10.32947/ajps. v24i1.1030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v24i1.1030
43- Ola A. Mohammed M. Hind A. Impact of antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms on adverse birth outcomes in Baghdad, Iraq: a prospective cohort study. AJPS ;2023; 23(1):68-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v23i1.988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v23i1.988
44- Lane CA, Hardy J, Schott JM. Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2018 ;25(1) :59–70. doi.org/10.1111/ene.13439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13439